The Data Protection Commission (DPC), Ireland's regulator under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), has begun a cross-border investigation into Google Ireland Ltd to determine whether Google complied with the GDPR in developing its artificial intelligence models. According to a statement released by the DPC on September 12, the regulator will investigate the use of personal data of European Union citizens in training Google's Pathways Language Model 2 (PaLM2).