According to Cointelegraph, Avail co-founder Anurag Arjun said that most current chain abstraction technologies make the crypto ecosystem more fragmented because each different blockchain base layer has its own set of security assumptions, which makes interoperability between chains challenging. "They have their own set of validators and crypto-economic security," Arjun explains. "So you have to create an infrastructure called a light client side, such as a two-way light client side. This is usually the main bottleneck." It adds that bridging between chains is often a multi-step process of communication between blockchain networks, which carries high costs and security risks while isolating users and capital into a fragmented pool.