Alex Gluchowski, CEO of Matter Labs, a major development firm at ZKsync, believes that as L2 gradually increases, fragmentation is the next major challenge to be addressed in the blockchain space. The new competition, he said, will be between projects offering interoperability solutions, "more specifically Optimism's Superchain and Matter Labs' Elastic Chain, because they are the only two ecosystems in blockchain that are actually interoperable." Gluchowski said he doubted that Optimism's interoperability program would be easy to implement without upgrading its system to include zero-knowledge proofs. "These are complex technologies." Gluchowski says the L2 chain needs to be redefined as useful for specific use cases: "The real question is, do we have important L2s? I don't think we need much generic L2s, but we do need some application-specific L2s or community-specific L2s."